Q. How did
the land revenue policies of British affect the life of the peasants?
Ans : The British
carried out a number of land revenue settlements to gain more profit. All their
settlements caused great hardship to life of the peasants.
The main aims of the British
land revenue policies were to extract more money from the cultivators/peasants
and used it for their policies and war efforts. These policies which hurted the
economics interest of peasants, made them difficult to meet their both end
needs, because they had also to pay the share to landlords and the collectors.
The local administrations also
add to their misery by not providing relief and natural justice to the poor
peasants.
Q. What is
Dhamma according to Ashoka?
Ans : ‘Dhamma’ is
a Pali word which means Dharma. According to Ashoka, dhamma lay stress on high
ideals of conduct in practical life to make men peaceful and virtuous.
Q. Describe
social, religious and economic life of the Early Vedic People.
Ans: Social
Life:
1. Most of the people loved in villages
which was known as gram.
2. People lived in house made up of
wood, bamboo and straw.
3. Family was the primary unit of the
society. The head of the family was called grihapati.
4. Society was divided into four
classes, i.e., The Brahaman, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Shudras.
5. People ate simple but nourishing
foods.
6. People were fond of games and
amusement.
Religious
Life:
1. People worshipped many gods and
goddess.
2. They worshiped / offered prayer in
the open.
Economics
Life:
1. Agriculture was the main occupation.
2. Domestication of animals was also
done.
3. People were also engaged in trade
and commerce activities.
Q. Write
about the main features of the Neolithic Age.
Ans: The human
beings were hunters and food gatherers in the beginning. However, it took them
hundreds of thousands of years before they could become food producers. It was
the beginners of the Neolithic Age. Now, human beings could grow their own food
and they no longer depended on hunting, searching and gathering more food. Like
the discovery of fire, it may be some seeds fall on the ground and plants came
out. This was the beginning of agriculture, it also led to a settled life. Now,
they could keep some animals for them for meat and milk. They also used wool
and skin from animals for clothings.
This discovery of wheel was
another important discovery of this period. It proved helpful in many ways. The
invention of potter’s wheel helped them to make pottery. The finest use of the
wheel was in the cart for transportation.
Q. Write
the beliefs of Hinduism.
Ans : Hinduism
believed in the existence of one Supreme Universal Spirit. A Hindu may worship
Brahma or Shiva or Krishna or Rama or Sita or Radha or all of them.
Q. What are
the eight fold paths of Buddhism?
Ans: The eight
fold paths of Buddhism are:
1. Right Memory
2. Right Speech
3. Right Aim
4. Right Action
5. Right Efforts
6. Right Livelihood
7. Right Meditation
8. Right Faith
Q. Write a
short note on social life of Vedic Aryans.
Ans: Social life
of Aryans:
1. Vedic society was basically
patriarchal
2. Women were treated with honour and
dignity.
3. Family was the smallest unit of
society
4. Society in later stage divided in
four varnas.
Q. Write
any three similarities between Jainism and Buddhism.
Ans: 1. Both opposed caste system
2. Both preached in local languages.
3. Both condemned religious rituals.
4. Both spread quickly and divided in
two sects after the death of their founders.
Q. What are
four Noble Truths of Buddhism?
Ans: The main
teaching of Buddhism are included in four Noble Truths. These noble truths are:
1. The world is full of misery.
2. Desire is the cause of misery.
3. If desire is conquered, then all
sorrow can be removed.
4. This can be done by following eight
fold paths.
Q.
Differentiate between Iqtadars and Mansabs.
Ans: The Iqta
system was prevalent during Sultanate period and the owner of Iqta i.e., a piece of land as known as Iqtadar. During
Sultanate period the Sultan granted Iqta to military commander. It was not
given to him permanently but the land
was given to him only to control over revenues. He collects the land revenue.
After collecting land revenue, he kept his expenditure and affix amount paid to
Sultanate.
Q. What
were the important teachings of Bhakti movement and Sufism? How did they acted
as a bridge between the Hindus and Muslims?
Ans: Teachings
of Bhakti Saints:
1. They laid stress on oneness with the
god through personal devotion.
2. They opposed caste system
3. They were not in favour of religious
rituals.
Teachings
of Sufi Saints:
1. They stress on love and devotion to
God.
2. They preached the message of
religious tolerance and compassion.
Both Hindus and Muslims have strong faith in
the ideology and teachings of both Bhakti and Sufi saints. There was strong
interaction between them and both act as a bridge between two communities to
share their ideology.
Q. Give at
least three causes / reasons of World War – I.
Ans: Causes of
World War – I:
1. The system of alliances divided the
world into two power blocks.
2. Imperialist rivalry for colonies
began with the development of industrial process in Germany. As a result
Germany too involved in acquiring more and more colonies like England and
France.
3. People all over the world wanted to
be independent from the colonial powers.
Q. What
were the main features of Industrial Revolution (in England)?
Ans: Main
features of Industrial Revolution:
1. Goods began to produce in the big
factories and on large scale.
2. Life of the labour became easier as
they had to do less manual work.
3. Goods were available at cheaper
rate.
4. Agriculture, trade, communication
and transportation also gained importance.
Q. “The
peace treaties created a new Europe.” Justify the statement by giving examples?
Ans: This
statement can be justified with the help of following examples:
1. The peace treaties which were drawn
after the World War First, transformed the political map of the world,
particularly of Europe.
2. Europe was surpassed by the United
States which emerged from the war as a world power.
3. The Soviet Union also emerged as a
great power.
Q. Explain
the consequences of the Economics Crisis of 1929-33.
Ans : The crisis
came due to over production caused by the Industrial Revolution. Many things in
the world market remained unsold as there was none to buy them.
The consequences of the
Economics Crisis were as below:
1. The Economic Crisis of 1929-33
affected the economy of almost all the countries of the world including USA.
2. Many factories, banks, business
enterprises stopped working.
3. Industrial production fell by about
35% and in some countries by about half.
4. It brought about large scale
unemployment, loss of production, spread of poverty and starvation.
5. With failure of banks, millions of
people lost their life’s savings.
Q. What
were the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles? Name the country with whom
this was signed.
Ans: The Treaty
of Versailles was signed by the Allies with Germany on 28th Jun,
1919 under the threat of invasion.
Provision
of Treaty:
1. The German coal mines of Saar were
given to France for 15 years.
2. The area of Saar was to be governed
by the League of Nations.
3. Germany gave parts of its territory
to Denmark, Belgium and Poland.
4. The strength of the German army was
not to exceed 100,000 soldiers.
5. Germany was not to have any air
force or submarines.
6. All German colonies were distributed
among the victors.
7. Germany was to pay 16,500,00 dollars
to the Allies as damage for the war.
Q. How did
the English education contributed in the rise of nationalism in India?
Ans: English
education contributed a lot in the rise of nationalism in India in following
ways:
1. The writing of English travellers
remind the Indians about their glorious past and achievement.
2. The writings of Voltaire, Rousseau
and Montesque inspired the young educated Indians about the value of democratic
rights.
3. The rise of new middle and educated
classes aware the Indians about the economic explanation policies of the Britisher.
Q. Write
any three features of Subsidiary Alliance.
Ans: This system
of alliances was introduced by Lord Wellesley to increase the British influence
in the native states without actually annexing them. Such states virtually lost
the right of self - defence.
Main
features are:
1. The rulers entering into this
alliance had to give money to the English for the maintenance of a contingent
force.
2. The rulers who accepted this
alliance also had to agree to deal with foreign states only through English
Company.
3. If the ruler had any dispute with
any other state, he was to make English Company as his arbitrator.
Q. What
were the reasons of Santhal Rebellion?
Ans: 1) British people were starting rule on
the residential area of Santhals.
2. They compelled Santhals to pay land
tax or lagan so they had to borrow money from Mahajans or moneylenders at high
rate of interests.
3. They had to sell ornaments, cattle,
bullocks and even piece of land for the payment of land tax.
4. They had to do labour on the daily
wages on the basis of above mentioned reasons they rebelled against British.
Q. Write about the main reasons of 1857 revolt.
Ans: It was the
major event in which the weak Indians had to fight against the brave English
army. In this battle the Indians were defeated. There were the following
reasons for the defeat:
1. Indians have less opportunity to
fight against brave enemy.
2. There was no unity in Indian army.
For example, the Bengal army wanted to continue the ideal livelihood of Mughals
as it was before.
3. The middle class and high class
people refused to take part in the battle.
4. The leadership of this army was very
weak. There was no ability of association and unity in Indian army.
5. Indian sepoys used to work in
uncontrolled manner.
6. The North region like Kashmir,
Sindh, Punjab and Rajputana did not give any support to Indian army in battle.
7. The Indian army deficient of wealth
and ammunition. The weapons which they had were weak, blunt and inactive.
Q. Who was
Mangal Pandey?
Ans: Mangal
Pandey was a sepoy who openly disobeyed orders. He killed two English officers
at Barrackpore near Calcutta.
Q. Why did
Lord Curzon want to divide Bengal?
Ans: Lord Curzon
wanted to establish the rule in India for a long time so he made a plan to use
‘Divide and Rule’ policy among Indians. So he divided Bengal into two parts.
One part of Bengal was for Muslims and rest for others. He declared that it was
done for the better administration.
Q. Why was
the Simon Commission asked to leave India?
Ans: In 1927,
British Government appointed a commission in the chairmanship of Sir John
Simon. Its main aim was to study the law made in 1919 and to make provision for
the amendment in future, Bit there was no member of India in the commission.
When this commission reached India, all Indians called it ‘All white commission’
and boycott it. In India it had to face opposition. Indians hoisted block flags
and arranged strikes. Indians shouted ‘Simon Commission go back’. The
commission was not in the favour to permit full Swaraj.
Q. Why did
the Dandi March lead to the arrest of Gandhiji?
Ans: British
Government made a law for the tax on salt. Indians opposed it. Gandhi marched
for breaking this law on 6 April 1930 by taking a small piece of salt which was
spread there. In this movement large number of peasants, businessmen, women,
children were participated. The government arrested Gandhi ji in May 1930 and
sent ot Yarvada prison of Pune. This events made full effect on changing world
and the nature of Indians. Gandhi came forward to break this law.
Q. What was
the Rowlett Act? Why was it opposed?
Ans: After the
First World War, the Britishers passed a new Act known as Rowlett Act.
According to this Act, Government had
the power to send any body to jail without litigation.
According to this Act, No
Indians had any arms and ammunition. On this order, Sikhs become angry because
they had Kirpan by their part of Sikh religion. They felt insult. On 13th
April 1919, on the occasion of Baisakhi fair at Jallianwalla Bagh, people had
gathered for peaceful protest against this Act. Suddenly, a British officer
General Dyer entered into the park with his troops and ordered them to open
fire on the crowd with their machineguns. This was done without any warning on
the people. The Jallianwalla Bagh’s gates were closed. Within a few minutes
about one thousand persons were killed. The massacre aroused the fury of the
Indian people showing his anger and pain. The famous philosopher and poet
Rabindranath Tagore, returned his Knighthood to the British government.
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